76% to 45.32% in leaves, while Cd reduced Pb contents by 9.36%-46.39% in the subcellular fractions. A combined Cd/Pb treatment decreased the contents of water- and ethanol-extractable metal forms and increased the contents of acetic acid- and hydrochloric acid-extractable forms. The lower toxic effects of the Cd/Pb mixture in L. chuanxiong were associated with photosynthetic potential, subcellular distribution, the chemical forms of Cd and Pb, and synthesis of secondary metabolites. These findings are useful for plant production strategies in soils contaminated by heavy metals. Agricultural expansion and the consequent use of pesticides lead to the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats of several wild species. Then, many species are inevitably exposed to a wide amount of pesticide formulations. Glyphosate (GLY)-based formulations are the most used herbicide, whereas two of the most employed insecticides are chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CYP). The aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxicity, oxidative damage, and the modulation of antioxidants defenses in peripheral blood of Caiman latirostris after embryonic exposure to pesticide formulations and their mixtures. Pesticides concentrations employed were equivalent to those recommended in agricultural practices for application in soybean crops and a half of them GLY 2% and 1%; CYP 0.12% and 0.06%; CPF 0.8% and 0.4%. Two similar experiments (E1 and E2) were carried out in consecutive years, where C. latirostris eggs were exposed to pesticide formulations separately and in different mixtures through application on the incuthe field generate deleterious genetic effects on this species, then, exposure to them could threaten its survival and health status. Microcystins (MCs) have become an important global environmental issue, causing oxidative stress, which is an important toxic mechanism for MCs in plants. However, the regulating mechanism of antioxidative enzymes in plants in adapting to MCs stress remains unclear. We studied the dynamic effects of MCs at different concentrations (5, 10, 50 and 100&nbsp;μg/L) in rice and cucumber seedlings on relative growth rate (RGR), and reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidative enzyme activities, during a stress period (MCs exposed for 1, 3, 5 and 7&nbsp;d) and recovery period (7&nbsp;d). During the stress period, MCs at 5&nbsp;μg/L inhibited RGR in cucumber and promoted RGR in rice. The contents of superoxide anion (O2?-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA increased and RGR declined in both crops with time and intensity of MCs stress. For cucumber, all these parameters responded earlier to MCs stress, and O2?-, MDA and RGR were more responsive to MCs stress than in rice. Moreover, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), and the relative expressions of CAT genes increased in both crops at 5-100&nbsp;μg/L MCs, whereas relative expression of POD genes increased only in cucumber. Diversely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) response to MCs in cucumber leaves was later than for rice. MCs at 100&nbsp;μg/L decreased the relative expression of SOD genes in cucumber but did not change SOD activity. During the recovery period, all the above indicators in both crops were higher than the control and lower than in the stress period. Conversely, RGR was lower than in the control and higher than in the stress period, except for cucumber which was lower, and MDA content higher than the stress period at 100&nbsp;μg/L MCs. Overall, these results indicated that cucumber was more sensitive to MCs than rice, and SOD, CAT and POD play an important role in plant response to MCs stress. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt is closely associated with plant tolerance; however, little is known about its mechanism. This study aimed to decipher the responses of the GABA shunt and related carbon-nitrogen metabolism in poplar seedlings (Populus alba&nbsp;×&nbsp;Populus glandulosa) treated with different NaCl and CdCl2 concentrations for 30&nbsp;h. The results showed that the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) were activated, as well as α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were enhanced by NaCl and CdCl2 stresses, except for SDH under CdCl2 stress. Meanwhile, the expression levels of GADs, GABA-Ts SDHs, succinyl-CoA ligases (SCSs), and succinic acid aldehyde dehydrogenases (SSADHs) were also increased. Notably, significant increases in the key components of GABA shunt, Glu and GABA, were observed under both stresses. Soluble sugars and free amino acids were enhanced, whereas citrate, malate and succinate were almost inhibited by both NaCl and CdCl2 stresses except that citrate was not changed or just increased by 50-mM NaCl stress. Thus, these results suggested that the carbon-nitrogen balance could be altered by activating the GABA shunt when main TCA-cycle intermediates were inhibited under NaCl and CdCl2 stresses. This study can enhance the understanding about the functions of the GABA shunt in woody plants under abiotic stresses and may be applied to the genetic improvement of trees for phytoremediation. Microplastics have a strong affinity for potentially toxic organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Since 2005, the International Pellet Watch used plastic pellets to monitor hydrophobic organic contaminants in marine environments. We examined the spatial distribution and sources of 16 PAHs and eight OCPs on microplastics (pellets, fragments, and foam) collected from eastern Guangdong beaches with the goal of evaluating the feasibility of exclusively using pellets in global monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/unc0638.html The ?PAH and ?OCP concentrations ranged from 11.2 to 7710&nbsp;ng&nbsp;g-1 and 2.2-1970&nbsp;ng&nbsp;g-1, respectively. Although inter-site and regional differences were insignificant in fragments and foam, regional differences were observed in ?OCP concentrations on pellets samples collected at the estuary mouth and the distributary (p&nbsp;4 rings. Considering low molecular weight PAHs are less hydrophobic and more toxic; the results suggest low molecular weight PAHs may pose a significant risk to marine organisms.